JavaScript Include, Part 3

In this third and (as seems most likely at the moment) final article about developing a JavaScript ‘include’ facility, I’ll address the provision of ‘include-once’ functionality. If you’ve not read the previous two articles, or you wish to refresh your memory, my first JavaScript ‘include’ article discussed the basic need for an ‘include’ feature, and offered a reasonable first stab at an implementation. It also outlined two key shortcomings of this first attempt. The first shortcoming, the proper handling of relative paths to included files, is dealt with in my second JavaScript ‘include’ article; the second issue of how to deal with the same files being included more than once, is presented here.

Disclaimer

Please see my JavaScript disclaimer in the first JavaScript ‘include’ article. It still applies, and constructive comments are welcome on any gaffes or oversights.

What Is Include-Once?

In addition to an include facility, many languages offer the ability to be able to ‘include-once’. Where source files are variously dependent upon other files and upon each other, it’s easy to see how the same files could be included over and over. Being able to include-once would prevent such multiple inclusions of the same file by automatically only including each file the first time it’s included.

From the caller’s point of view, using include-once is syntactically very similar to using a regular include, e.g.:

includeOnce("usefulLib.js");
usefulFn();

In this example, the ‘usefulLib.js’ file (which presumably includes the implementation of the ‘usefulFn()’ function) would only be included if it hadn’t previously been included before (irrespective of whether the previous inclusion was performed using ‘include()’ or ‘includeOnce()’).

Even with ‘includeOnce()’ available, it would still be possible to force an include to take place. In the following code snippet, both ‘someCode1.js’ and ‘someCode2.js’ would be included twice:

include("someCode1.js");
include("someCode1.js");

includeOnce("someCode2.js");
include("someCode2.js"); // Only 'includeOnce()' checks for previous inclusion.

Although for most purposes (or so it seems to me), ‘includeOnce()’ would be more useful than ‘include()’, a regular non-exclusive inclusion may still have its place. For example, you may want to include a chunk of JavaScript that generates dynamic page content in situ (using ‘document.write()’, say). If you want this dynamic content to appear more than once in the page, then it may be necessary to force the multiple inclusion of such code snippets. Ideally, then, both ‘include()’ and ‘includeOnce()’ would be available.

Implementing Include-Once

In order for the ‘include’ facility to be able to establish whether a file has previously been included, we need some means to uniquely identify files. Clearly, filename alone isn’t sufficient because different files could have the same filenames (as long as they’re within different directories). Although it might be tricky to think of a circumstance where a developer would have such an arrangement, it is possible in principle, therefore we need to make sure our ‘include-once’ feature won’t be wrong-footed by it.

Perhaps what we need is to use full pathnames (or even full URLs) to identify files. In [part 2 of this article series], better handling of file pathnames was introduced, but relative paths alone won’t cut it. If, for example, two files in different directories both include the same third file, they could refer to it using relative paths that won’t necessarily match exactly. In other words, although we’d have the same file being included twice, a casual glance at the relative paths alone might lead us to believe that two different files are being included.

Whenever an ‘include()’ or an ‘includeOnce()’ is requested, then, we’ll need to do a fair bit of processing on the supplied pathname to establish the full URL of the included file.

There are two parts to this process. Firstly, we need to take a look at the include file path we’ve been given and prefix it with whatever is required to make it into a full, absolute URL. At one extreme, this could involve no modification (in the case where we were supplied with a full URL anyway); at the other, we could be adding everything but the filename. Secondly, we need to make sure that the full URL we have doesn’t contain any ‘.’ or ‘..’ (i.e., ‘this directory’ or ‘parent directory’) parts, because this too could make two references to the same file look different from each other.

Although the process of converting (what could be) a relative include path into a full, absolute URL isn’t the proverbial rocket science, it is still a bit fiddly, and, requires more lines of code than it feels it deserves. I’ve implemented the process via two functions: ‘getRealUrl()’ that takes a full URL (i.e., one that begins with ‘http://’ and includes a domain) and parses out the ‘.’ and ‘..’; and ‘getAlreadyIncludedKey()’ that makes sure the include path is a full URL before calling upon ‘getRealUrl()’ to make sure there are no ‘.’ and ‘..’ parts.

So, ‘getAlreadyIncludedKey()’ provides us with a unique reference to a file to be included, thus giving us a means to recognise whether we’ve been asked to include a supplied file before. As the function’s name suggests, we can then use this reference as a key into a JavaScript object, for which I’ll use a global variable called ‘_alreadyIncluded’.

Using a file’s full URL as a key, we can then make a note of every file that’s included (using either ‘include()’ or ‘includeOnce()’) and automatically refrain from including it as necessary if it has been included before (using ‘includeOnce()’).

The Final Include Code in Full

It’s taken quite an effort to produce as comprehensive an ‘include’ facility as a modern language ought to offer, but here’s the full implementation in all its glory (I toyed with the idea of only including in full those extra bits required for ‘include-once’ support, but thought it would be more convenient to work with if anyone was actually tempted to try using this new facility):

var _includePath = "";
var _alreadyIncluded = {};

// Essentially 'new XMLHttpRequest()' but safer.
function newXmlHttpRequestObject()
{
    try
    {
        if (window.XMLHttpRequest)
        {
            return new XMLHttpRequest();
        }
        // Ancient version of IE (5 or 6)?
        else if (window.ActiveXObject)
        {
            return new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
        }

        throw new Error("XMLHttpRequest or equivalent not available");
    }
    catch (e)
    {
        throw e;
    }
}

// Synchronous file read. Should be avoided for remote URLs.
function getUrlContentsSynch(url)
{
    try
    {
        var xmlHttpReq = newXmlHttpRequestObject();
        xmlHttpReq.open("GET", url, false); // 'false': synchronous.
        xmlHttpReq.send(null);

        if (xmlHttpReq.status == 200)
        {
            return xmlHttpReq.responseText;
        }

        throw new Error("Failed to get URL contents");
    }
    catch (e)
    {
        throw e;
    }
}

function include(filePath)
{
    includeMain(filePath, false);
}

function includeOnce(filePath)
{
    includeMain(filePath, true);
}

function includeMain(filePath, once)
{
    // Keep a safe copy of the current include path.
    var includePathPrevious = _includePath;

    if (isAbsolutePath(filePath) == true)
    {
        var actualPath = filePath;
        // Absolute paths replace.
        _includePath = getAllButFilename(filePath);
    }
    else
    {
        var actualPath = _includePath + filePath;
        // Relative paths combine.
        _includePath += getAllButFilename(filePath);
    }

    var alreadyIncludedKey = getAlreadyIncludedKey(actualPath);

    if (once == false || _alreadyIncluded.alreadyIncludedKey == undefined)
    {
        var headElement = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];
        var newScriptElement = document.createElement("script");

        newScriptElement.type = "text/javascript";
        newScriptElement.text = getUrlContentsSynch(actualPath);
        headElement.appendChild(newScriptElement);
        _alreadyIncluded.alreadyIncludedKey = true;
    }

    // Restore the include path safe copy.
    _includePath = includePathPrevious;
}

function isAbsolutePath(filePath)
{
    if (filePath.substr(0, 1) == "/" || filePath.substr(0, 7) == "http://")
    {
        return true;
    }

    return false;
}

// Strips the filename from a path, yielding everything else.
function getAllButFilename(filePath)
{
    return filePath.substr(0, filePath.lastIndexOf("/") + 1);
}

// Yields a full, real URL to be used as a file's include key.
function getAlreadyIncludedKey(filePath)
{
    if (filePath.substr(0, 7) == "http://") // Full URL?
    {
        return getRealUrl(filePath);
    }

    if (filePath.substr(0, 1) == "/") // Absolute path?
    {
        return getRealUrl("http://" + document.domain + filePath);
    }

    // Otherwise, assume relative path.
    return getRealUrl("http://" + document.domain +
        getAllButFilename(document.location.pathname) + filePath);
}

// Takes a file path as a 'full' URL (including 'http://' and domain) and
// yields a 'real' version of it with no '.' and '..' parts.
function getRealUrl(fullUrl)
{
    var protocolAndDomain = fullUrl.substr(0, fullUrl.indexOf("/", 7));
    var urlPath = fullUrl.substr(protocolAndDomain.length + 1);
    var urlPathParts = urlPath.split("/");
    var realPath = "";
    var parentCount = 0;

    for (var i = urlPathParts.length - 2; i >= 0; i--)
    {
        if (urlPathParts[i] == ".")
        {
            continue;
        }

        if (urlPathParts[i] == "..")
        {
            parentCount++;
            continue;
        }

        if (parentCount > 0)
        {
            parentCount--;
            continue;
        }

        realPath = urlPathParts[i] + "/" + realPath;
    }

    return protocolAndDomain + "/" + realPath +
        urlPathParts[urlPathParts.length - 1];
}

Conclusion

My own feeling about the final implementation is that it seems like an awful lot of code for adding a ‘mere’ include feature to a language, even if it is one that seems to be fairly comprehensive. I could have made the code shorter, of course, but only at the expense of making it either flakier or less flexible and powerful (unless we’re talking about just removing all unnecessary whitespace). If you’re prepared to put up with the limitations of the code presented in the first article, for example, then clearly it could be shorter, but only the fuller version presented here offers anything like the equivalent feature available in other languages.

Only time will tell whether I make use of my own new facility (and, in any event, it will need further testing and/or use before I’ll be satisfied that it is fully reliable with no lingering bugs), but at the very least, I’ve found that the journey has been interesting, and there are a few useful little functions and code snippets that, quite apart from forming part of the final ‘include’ implementation, may be useful in their own right. I can imagine, for example, that the algorithm used by the ‘getRealUrl()’ function for parsing the ‘.’ and ‘..’ bits from pathnames may in itself turn out to be useful one of these days.

Anyway, as ever, I’m open to your constructive comments and thoughts. And thanks for reading.

JavaScript Include, Part 2

In this second article about developing a JavaScript ‘include’ facility, I’ll deal with the handling of inclusion paths so that included source files can include other source code using paths that are relative to themselves, rather than relative to the page containing the ‘<script>’ element that made the ‘include()’ code available initially. (If you’ve not seen the previous article or you need a reminder, please take a look at my first JavaScript ‘include’ article.)

Update: JavaScript Include, Part 3 article has now been published. Continue reading “JavaScript Include, Part 2”

JavaScript/HTML Synchronous and Asynchronous Loading

To complement my previous article about implementing a JavaScript include facility, I’m taking a closer look at the default behaviour of JavaScript and HTML (including HTML5) with respect to synchronous and asynchronous loading of script files (among other things). If you’ve ever wanted to include script files within an HTML page in an asynchronous way, or you’ve wanted to load a file synchronously using JavaScript, this article may well be of use to you.

Disclaimer

As included in the first JavaScript include article, I invite you to read my disclaimer. It still applies, and constructive comments are welcome on any gaffes or oversights.

Synchronous to Asynchronous

When a JavaScript source file is included in a web page via HTML’s ‘<script>’ tag, the loading of the included file is performed to completion before any more of the including page is rendered/executed. That’s what synchronous loading is.

For the most part, synchronous loading is a useful way to operate for included JavaScript code files, and it seems likely that, even if most beginner JavaScript programmers are largely unaware of the whole sync/async situation, they will develop web pages happily making the (perhaps unknowing) synchronous-loading assumption.

A common case is when including a library of functions for use within the current page, as in the following snippet:

<script type="text/javascript" src="usefulLib.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript">
    usefulFn(); // Function from 'usefulLib.js'.
</script>

It seems sensible to expect that, by the time we get to the call to ‘usefulFn()’, that ‘usefulLib.js’ (including the code for ‘usefulFn()’) would have fully loaded. In fact, it would be a nuisance if we couldn’t rely on this being the case. Imagine if, at the whim of the browser, or other happenstance, it was sometimes the case that ‘usefulFn()’ wasn’t available to call after ‘usefulLib.js’ had been requested for inclusion.

Sometimes, however, we may specifically want JavaScript source files to load asynchronously, i.e., for our including page to carry on rendering/executing while at the same time loading the specified included file. Alternatively, we may wish to include a JavaScript source file only after the including page has finished loading. This may be handy for files from external sources where we don’t want our including page to suffer the consequences of: slow connection speeds, heavily loaded external servers, or waiting for timeouts on external servers that aren’t even there at the moment.

For these cases, the HTML ‘<script>’ element has the ‘defer’ and ‘async’ attributes (the latter introduced in HTML5). In short, ‘defer’ requests that the loading of the specified file occurs after the including page has finished loading, and ‘async’ requests that the loading of the specified files occurs concurrently with (or, at least, independently of) the including page.

These attributes may be used in a similar manner to any HTML attributes, e.g.:

<script type="text/javascript" src="usefulLib.js" defer></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="usefulLib.js" async></script>

Sync to Async Example Code

To see the ‘defer’ or ‘async’ attributes in operation, create a separate JavaScript source file (let’s call it ‘busy.js’) containing the following code:

var startNow = new Date();
var pauseFor = 5000; // In milliseconds.

while (new Date() - startNow < pauseFor)
    ;

This code causes JavaScript to go into a busy 'while' loop until at least a certain number of milliseconds have elapsed (in the code above, it's 5000 milliseconds, or five seconds).

Having saved this JavaScript file, create an HTML page containing the following:

<html>
<head>

<script type="text/javascript" src="busy.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript">
alert("Time's up");
</script>

</head>
</html>

If you browse to this page, you should experience a five-second pause after which the 'Time's up' alert box will pop up. This shows that, by default, the HTML '<script>' tag loads and runs the specified source file to completion before proceeding with rendering/executing the including page.

Now tweak the first of the '<script>' lines above to include the 'async' attribute, like this:

<script type="text/javascript" src="busy.js" async></script>

If, after this edit, you refresh the page (and assuming you have a browser that supports HTML5), you should see the 'Time's up' alert pop up immediately, while the 'busy.js' code runs independently.

JavaScript's Asynchronous Behaviour

Because of the danger of poor performance, JavaScript itself tends to favour asynchronous working, generally avoiding synchronous behaviour. As an example of this tendency (and as a exercise to the reader with a little spare time) try to find a means of having JavaScript perform a blocking wait or sleep. (To repeat: that's a blocking, not busy, wait, so I don't mean a 'while' loop like the one in my 'busy.js' example that keeps your processor busily running for five seconds.) If you find a nice way for JavaScript to perform blocking wait, do let me know.

To see JavaScript's default asynchronous behaviour, create a new HTML page containing the following code:

<html>
<head>

<script type="text/javascript">
function loadJavaScript(filePath)
{
    var headElement = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];
    var newScriptElement = document.createElement("script");
    newScriptElement.type = "text/javascript";
    newScriptElement.src = filePath;
    headElement.appendChild(newScriptElement);
}

loadJavaScript("busy.js");
alert("Time's up");
</script>

</head>
</html>

This is essentially the programmatical equivalent of an HTML '<script>' tag. As you can see, I've provided a JavaScript function that finds the containing page's '<head>' element, and dynamically adds to it a new 'text/javascript'-type '<script>' element that has a 'src' attribute of a supplied value. Having defined this function, I call it with the name of the 'busy.js' source file we used earlier, then pop up the 'Time's up' alert box.

If you browse to this page (and you created the 'busy.js' script file earlier), you will see that the 'Time's up' message pops up immediately, showing that, unlike the HTML version we saw previously, JavaScript's default behaviour is asynchronous.

Synchronous File Loading in JavaScript

As we've already established, there are good reasons for generally favouring asynchronous behaviour. Putting the rendering of your web page on hold waiting for some external file to load (which may be on another server on the other side of the world, and which may not even be available at the moment) isn't always the smartest move. Sometimes, however, being able to (for example) load a file synchronously is just what's required.

I recently encountered such a case in implementing a source-code inclusion facility in JavaScript (which you can read about in my first JavaScript Include article).

In this case, I resorted to the use of AJAX to read (and include) the contents of source files synchronously for precisely the same reasons that the HTML '<script>' tag defaults to being synchronous: because I want to be able to rely on included code being available to me immediately after including it.

Here's a synchronous version of the previous example:

<html>
<head>

<script type="text/javascript">
function loadJavaScriptSync(filePath)
{
    var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
    req.open("GET", filePath, false); // 'false': synchronous.
    req.send(null);

    var headElement = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];
    var newScriptElement = document.createElement("script");
    newScriptElement.type = "text/javascript";
    newScriptElement.text = req.responseText;
    headElement.appendChild(newScriptElement);
}

loadJavaScriptSync("busy.js");
alert("Time's up");
</script>

</head>
</html>

This snippet should work fine (and, if it doesn't, see the 'Note About Local Files' below), but it's pretty pared down: it has no error checking and other fail-safes. For a more bullet-proof implementation of synchronous JavaScript file reading, I invite you to see one used as part of the first JavaScript Include article I mentioned earlier.

A Note About Local Files

For security reasons, some browsers (and it's amazing that it's not all browsers) won't allow the reading of files using the 'file:///' protocol in AJAX. If you're having difficulties (specifically seeing messages like 'XMLHttpRequest cannot load file:///...' in your JavaScript console), you'll need to access the code via HTTP, i.e., via the use of a web server, instead of just double-clicking your example pages (or equivalent means of quickly loading them into your browser).

Improved Include

Just as a further comment to my previous JavaScript Include article, it is still my intention to write further include-related articles to overcome the issues identified with the first include implementation presented there.

JavaScript Include

Many languages offer a facility for allowing one source code file to gain access to other source files. Although JavaScript files can be included from within an HTML page (using the HTML ‘<script>’ element with an appropriate ‘src’ attribute), JavaScript itself has no capability for including one JavaScript source file from another.

In this article, I’ll take a first look at developing such a feature, along with possible future developments of the facility.

Update: JavaScript Include, Part 2 article has now been published.

Further update: JavaScript Include, Part 3 article has now been published.

Disclaimer

It may seem like a strange thing to admit at this stage, but JavaScript isn’t really my thing. Although I’ve tinkered with JavaScript for many years, it’s been a rather on-and-off affair, and somewhat more off than on. Because of this, please prefix everything I say here with something like ‘As far as I can tell…’ or ‘It seems to me…’ or equivalent.

I have tried to make a reasonable attempt to avoid writing garbage, but please do feel free to constructively comment on any misconceptions or other gaffes I might have made.

What’s Include?

In short, I’m aiming to produce a feature that would allow the JavaScript developer to use something like the following within their JavaScript code:

include("useful.js");

After such a directive, all code within ‘useful.js’ (functions or what have you) would be available for use.

As JavaScript doesn’t support such a feature, there’s a Catch-22: If we were to be able to develop the code to provide an ‘include()’ facility, how would a JavaScript source file be able to gain access to it when there’s no way to include other JavaScript source code?

There are only two ways I can think of to proceed (if you can think of others, do let me know):

  1. Every JavaScript source file must contain a copy of the code to provide ‘include()’, or
  2. Every HTML page (or page template) must contain an appropriate ‘<script>’ element to ‘include’ the separate ‘include()’ source file (‘include.js’, say).

Out of the two, the second seems the least bad to me. It’s likely that JavaScript is almost exclusively used as part of web developments, so JavaScript code only gets to run because it’s invoked, in one way or another, from a web page.

Assuming that you feel okay about adding a line like the following to each of your web pages (or templates), then we’re on our way:

<script type="text/javascript" src="include.js"></script>

How to Implement Include

Using JavaScript, it’s possible to add ‘<script>’ elements programmatically to the current document, something like this:

// A first attempt at 'include()'.
function include(filePath)
{
    var headElement = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];
    var newScriptElement = document.createElement("script");

    newScriptElement.type = "text/javascript";
    newScriptElement.src = filePath;
    headElement.appendChild(newScriptElement);
}

This function will kind of work, but there’s a problem. In general, JavaScript interpreters (such as the one built into your browser) try to load web content asynchronously, so the loading of the file named by ‘filePath’ above will be handled separately from the execution of the ‘include()’ code. This means that the named file won’t necessarily have been loaded by the time the ‘include()’ function returns. So, if the included file contains a ‘usefulFn()’ function, for example, calling it as follows may result in an error indicating that the function has not been found:

include("useful.js");
usefulFn();

The asynchronous loading of separate files can, it seems, be sidestepped by writing a copy of the included code into the body of the ‘<script>’ element itself, something like this (this line to be used instead of the ‘newScriptElement.src’ line in the first attempt):

newScriptElement.text = "function usefulFn() { alert('usefulFn'); }";

Therefore, it seems as if all we need to do is replace the literal string of code in this last line with a bit of JavaScript to read the contents of the file to be included and assign it to ‘newScriptElement.text’, and we’re there… However, JavaScript hasn’t traditionally been keen to allow you to read files at all, and even now that file handling support has been included as part of HTML5, such facilities are geared up to working with files asynchronously… so it would seem that we’re back to Square 1.

We’re so close, though. All we need is some way to synchronously read file contents, and, fortunately, AJAX provides a means:

var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", filePath, false); // 'false': synchronous.
req.send(null);
// All being well, content of 'filePath' now in 'req.responseText'.

When you ask how to read a file (or, indeed, do anything) synchronously, pretty much all self-respecting JavaScript programmers will ask you why you want to do it before they reveal the answer (assuming they reveal it at all). This is because JavaScript is generally asynchronous for a reason. After all, nothing stops a loading website in its tracks quicker than trying to synchronously read a file from a remote server that’s not there at the moment. However, with care (used only on relatively small, local files, for example), synchronous operation can sometimes represent a good solution to a problem.

We now have pretty much all we need to have a go at producing a proper ‘include’ implementation.

Proper Implementation of Include

So far, the code presented has been pared down (with no error checking or other fail-safes) and somewhat fragmentary. Here’s an attempt to put the principles together into something more comprehensive and sturdy; an example ‘include.js’:

// Essentially 'new XMLHttpRequest()' but safer.
function newXmlHttpRequestObject()
{
    try
    {
        if (window.XMLHttpRequest)
        {
            return new XMLHttpRequest();
        }
        // Ancient version of IE (5 or 6)?
        else if (window.ActiveXObject)
        {
            return new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
        }

        throw new Error("XMLHttpRequest or equivalent not available");
    }
    catch (e)
    {
        throw e;
    }
}

// Synchronous file read. Should be avoided for remote URLs.
function getUrlContentsSynch(url)
{
    try
    {
        var xmlHttpReq = newXmlHttpRequestObject();
        xmlHttpReq.open("GET", url, false); // 'false': synchronous.
        xmlHttpReq.send(null);

        if (xmlHttpReq.status == 200)
        {
            return xmlHttpReq.responseText;
        }

        throw new Error("Failed to get URL contents");
    }
    catch (e)
    {
        throw e;
    }
}

function include(filePath)
{
    var headElement = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];
    var newScriptElement = document.createElement("script");

    newScriptElement.type = "text/javascript";
    newScriptElement.text = getUrlContentsSynch(filePath);
    headElement.appendChild(newScriptElement);
}

Once this has been placed into its own file, it can be referred to in your pages/templates in the same way as any JavaScript source file, e.g.:

<script type="text/javascript" src="include.js"></script>

Are There Any Problems?

As it stands, yes. If I were to ‘include()’ a source file from within another included source file, I’d want and generally expect to be using a directory path that’s relative to where the including source file resides. For example, if I were to keep all my JavaScript source in the ‘http://www.example.com/js’ directory on my site, then, within ‘js/include1.js’, I would want to use the following call to include ‘js/include2.js’:

include("include2.js"); // Relative to the including source file.

However, if ‘js/include1.js’ was itself included from ‘http://www.example.com/index.html’, then the paths passed to ‘include()’ would have to be relative to that page in order to work, i.e.:

include("js/include2.js"); // Relative to the original including page.

This means that, unless you keep all your pages and source files in one directory (which I’m sure you don’t, and wouldn’t want to), JavaScript source files would need to know the directory in which the including page resides in order to get the relative pathnames to other source files right. This isn’t ideal: What if the source file is included from two pages residing in different directories, for example?

What About Include-Once?

In addition to include, many languages offer an include-once facility. Where many files are variously dependent upon other files and upon each other, it’s easy to see how the same files could be included repeatedly. Include-once would prevent such multiple inclusions of the same file by only including each file the first time it’s encountered.

From the caller’s point of view, an include-once feature would be similar to using ‘include()’, e.g.:

includeOnce("useful.js");
usefulFn();

Including Local Files

For security reasons, some browsers (and it’s amazing that it’s not all browsers) won’t allow the reading of files using the ‘file:///’ protocol in AJAX. If you’re having difficulties (specifically seeing messages like ‘XMLHttpRequest cannot load file:///…’ in your JavaScript console), you’ll need to access the code via HTTP, i.e., via the use of a web server, instead of just double-clicking your example pages (or equivalent means of quickly loading them into your browser).

Future Articles

It is currently my intention both to present a solution to the relative pathname issue, and to write about an implementation of ‘includeOnce()’ in future articles.

Update: JavaScript Include, Part 2 article has now been published.

Further update: JavaScript Include, Part 3 article has now been published.